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President Barack Obama has reaffirmed his visionto send human to Mars . In an editorial posted on CNN.com today ( Oct. 11 ) , the president wrote of his goal of " sending human being to Mars by the 2030s and repay them safely to Earth , with the ultimate dream to one Clarence Shepard Day Jr. stay on there for an extended time . "
NASAAdministrator Charles Bolden echoed the President of the United States ’s enthusiasm , describingin a blog post todayco - written with John Holdren , a older advisor to the chairperson , how NASA plans to " utilize public - private partnership to enable human race to live and work in space in a sustainable fashion . "
Key to the challenging endeavour , however , is ensuring the astronauts ' safety , which may be hard , according to a NASA - fund studypublished yesterday(Oct . 10 ) in the journal Scientific Reports .
The Modern study , in rodent , picture that astronauts could digest from a phenomenon called " space brain " duringthe farseeing trip to Mars , ascosmic radiationbombards their bodies and scathe their mastermind electric cell .
Researchers exposed the science laboratory - bound rodent to a stratum of irradiation like to that expected on a six - calendar month one - mode trip to Mars . They found that the radiation cause significant long - term nous damage , admit cognitive impairments and dementedness , a result of brain inflammation and damage to the rodents ' neurons . [ 10 Things You Did n’t Know About the Brain ]
The researchers tell the new field of study revealed a far large extent of brain damage than what was hinted at in their shorter , six - week study , conducted last year .
" This is not positive tidings for astronauts deployed on a two- to three - year round - trip to Mars , " suppose Charles Limoli , a professor of radiation oncology at the University of California , Irvine School of Medicine , who led the cogitation .
NASA tell Live Science that the delegacy is funding such study to better understand the risk of infection present to its astronauts , although the representation was not mindful that Limoli ’s work was print and could not notice on the details .
Radiation hazards
Astronauts in infinite face two kinds of radiation hazards . One is the solar radioactivity from the sun , includingultraviolet rays , X - rays , proton and electrons . The other is cosmic radiation syndrome , which emanate from all directions in thick space and consist atomic subatomic particle far more up-and-coming ( and thus more negative ) than solar radiation sickness .
Limoli ’s research was shoot for at assessing the possiblehuman wellness problemsthat could becaused by cosmic radiationon a prolonged space journeying . There are almost no subject so far that have looked at this , Limoli said . Humans have lived on theInternational Space Station(ISS ) for months at a sentence . Russian cosmonaut Valeri Polyakov ( behave Valeri Ivanovich Korshunov but later on changed his name ) holds the phonograph recording for the longest , continuous prison term in compass — almost 438 day aboard the Mir space station .
However , because Mir ( which is no longer in use ) and the ISS are relatively skinny to Earth , Earth ’s magnetosphere — a natural magnetic field that deflects charged atomic particles from the sun and deep space — mostly protects spaceman on board the orbiting labs from dangerous radiation exposure . Tests have shown that Polyakov and other astronauts have no serious mental capacity damage as a outcome of their meter in orbit . [ 5 Mars Myths and Misconceptions ]
spaceman who visited the moonventured beyond this protective magnetosphere , but their entire round - stumble lasted only about two week , so their radiation exposure was kept to a minimum . Oneprevious study , done in 2013 in mice , hint that irradiation may induce the development of Alzheimer ’s .
To feign the cosmic radiation pic humans would confront during a long Mars trip , Limoli ’s group exhibit rodent to charged particles at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton , New York .
The investigator found that although the barrage of the radiation was painless , it caused important brain damage in the rodent . Imaging revealed that the animals ' brain cells had a sharp reducing in features of the cells called the dendrites and spines , which would disrupt the transmittance ofsignals among neuron , they aver .
Limoli told Live Science that loss of dendrite and spine were " like a tree losing its leaf and branch , " compromising the wellness of the tree . These physical losses excuse the deficiencies the rodents render in behavioral task design to testlearning and memory , Limoli said . In humans , this exit could lead astronauts to make pitiful decisions that could affect the safety of the crew , he add .
The researchers also discovered that the radiation affected the part of the brain that normally repress prior unpleasant and stressful associations , as part of a physical process called " reverence extinguishing . " This loss of fright quenching could make the astronauts prone to anxiety , Limoli say . [ Infographic : How Radiation strike the Human Body ]
Yet Limoli remains optimistic that NASA can still send astronauts safely to Mars . " This is not a deal breaker , " he tell Live Science . " This [ cosmic radiation ] is just something we have to deal with . "
A 30-month trip
NASA estimates that a 30 - calendar month trip to Mars — six months of travel each way , plus 18 month living on the Red Planet — would expose astronauts to a total of 1 sievert ( Sv ) of actinotherapy . For comparison , Limoli said the great unwashed who undergo sure kinds ofradiation discourse for brainpower cancermay take to endure a dose at least 10 times higher than that through the course of that treatment . He said that these cancer patients , although they may be cured of cancer , have notable declines in their cognitive function .
Astronauts could be protected from cosmic radiation sickness in two ways , a NASA wardrobe military officer tell apart Live Science . One would be to a passive method acting of install stocky metal shields or bed with water supply , either around the full ballistic capsule or around sleeping chambers to block the radiation therapy . Cosmic radiation sickness is very penetrating , however , and cuticle that would be thick enough to block the beam would add considerable system of weights ( and thus , disbursal ) tothe Mars commission .
Another way is an active method acting of install an electromagnetic landing field to fend off the irradiation , analogous to the magnetosphere itself . Limoli said his group and others are working on another strategy , medicines that could vivify the damage cause by radiation , or protect or even repair nerve cell .
It will sure be a memorable trip to Mars , and NASA trust the astronauts will stay sizable enough to remember it .
