Martin Luther King Jr. once called Chicago the most racist city in America. Here’s the long history that proves him right.
Underwood & Underwood / Library of CongressThe Ku Klux Klan holds a merging with nearly 30,000 penis from the Chicagoland area . Circa 1920 .
In 1890 , there were about 15,000 African Americans hold up in Chicago . By 1970 , about 1 million Black mass call the Windy City their base — pull in up most one - third of Chicago ’s total universe .
From about 1916 to 1970 , the Great Migration brought millions of African Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North , Midwest , and West . One of the most popular destinations was Chicago .
Underwood & Underwood/Library of CongressThe Ku Klux Klan holds a meeting with nearly 30,000 members from the Chicagoland area. Circa 1920.
But Black Americans who migrate from the South presently realized that things were far from thoroughgoing in the North . From rout violence to segregation to hateful rallying , this is the farseeing history of racial discrimination in Chicago .
The Great Migration And The Changing Demographics Of Chicago
Jacob Lawrence / National Archives and Records AdministrationArtist Jacob Lawrence ’s picture , title , “ During the World War there was a capital migration North by Southern Negroes . ” 1941 .
Over 6 million Black Americans go away the South during the early and mid-20th century . So during the Great Migration , Chicago ’s pitch-dark universe rocket .
Between 1915 and 1940 , the metropolis ’s African American population more than doubled . In the decennary following , the telephone number continued to grow and mature . All separate , more than 500,000 Black Southerners strike to Chicago throughout the Great Migration .
Jacob Lawrence/National Archives and Records AdministrationArtist Jacob Lawrence’s painting, titled, “During the World War there was a great migration North by Southern Negroes.” 1941.
But what drive this Great Migration in the first place ? One heavy factor was Jim Crow . In the South , therise of Jim Crow restrictionsessentially made bleak people second - class citizen . So it ’s no surprisal why they would need to live in a place where they could hypothetically have more exemption .
Another gene was Chicago ’s need for more doer . In the advent ofWorld War I , an increasingly industrialise city require as many workers as possible to keep the place run . And as foreign immigration rates plummeted around this time , African American prole stepped in .
Finally , Black Chicagoans encouraged Southerners to come to the North . The nation ’s largest Black newspaper , theChicago Defender , promoted a visual modality of prosperity for African Americans in the city . But this wave of migration quickly fire tensions between pitch-black and white community in Chicago .
The West VirginianA mob of white men stone and beat a Black victim outside a home in Chicago during the 1919 race riot.
Unfortunately , for many families who moved north , Chicago was not an escape cock from discrimination . alternatively of formal Jim Crow natural law , the city merely enforced segregation in other ways .
The city often pushed Black resident into tenement housing . And even when they were able to come up fairly gracious habitation , white house physician violently assail them .
The Chicago Riots And The Red Summer of 1919
The West VirginianA mob of white men Edward Durell Stone and beat a bleak victim outside a home in Chicago during the 1919 race riot .
During theRed Summer of 1919 , racial tensions boiled over in Chicago .
It all started on July 27 , 1919 , when Chicagoans flocked to the beach of Lake Michigan to swim . At first , it seemed like any other summer solar day in the metropolis . But when a disgraceful teenager key Eugene Williamscrossed an invisible gloss linelocated near 29th Street , white Chicagoans lashed out at him .
New York Daily News Archive/Contributor/Getty ImagesRobed members of the Ku Klux Klan at a church in Chicago in the 1920s.
A grouping of white beachgoers hurled rocks at the teenager , make him to drown . Williams ’ expiry — and the refusal of white policemen to arrest his killer — attracted angry crowds at the beach . And it did n’t take long for more violence to break out .
clean mobs flood the city ’s Black neighborhoods , lighting homes on firing and attacking resident . Over the course of a week , 38 people die and over 500 sustained injuries — with Black Chicagoans stimulate up a legal age of the victims .
The Chicago raceway public violence of 1919 also leave 1,000 Black Chicagoans homeless after rioters torch their residence . While Chicago was n’t the only metropolis in America to experience racial fury during this so - called Red Summer , its riot was among the worst .
City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development/Wikimedia CommonsBy 1940, formal and informal policies had pushed Chicago’s Black residents into segregated neighborhoods.
fit in to historiographer Isabel Wilkerson , “ Thus riots would become to the North what lynching were to the South , each a display of uncontained madness by put - upon multitude directed toward the whipping boy of their condition . ”
The Ku Klux Klan In Chicago’s Roaring Twenties
New York Daily News Archive / Contributor / Getty ImagesRobed extremity of the Ku Klux Klan at a church building in Chicago in the 1920s .
The gangsters were n’t the only ace calling the shots in 1920s Chicago . In 1922 , the Chicago Ku Klux Klanclaimed over 100,000 members , the great Klan membership in any American urban center at the clip . ( Some experts estimate the number of members may have actually been somewhere between 40,000 to 80,000 . )
In Chicago , the Klan had become mainstream — and it was not only admit but celebrated . A chocolate party took out an advert in the local Klan magazine , call “ Kuality , Koffee , and Kourtesy . ”
John White/U.S. National ArchivesStateway Gardens, a housing project on Chicago’s South Side, housed nearly 7,000 people in 1973.
In the 1920s , Chicago ’s population admit more than 1 million Catholics and 800,000 immigrants — both prey of the Klan ’s choler . But it was the city ’s 110,000 sinister residents that remained at the top of the Klan ’s hate list .
At the meter , the Klan wielded political superpower in the commonwealth — and they were not afraid to say it . Charles Palmer , the Grand Dragon of the Illinois KKK , joyously tell theChicago Daily Tribunein 1924 , “ We cognize we ’re the proportion of power in the state … We can control state elections and get what we want from DoS government . ”
Segregation In Chicago’s Neighborhoods
City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development / Wikimedia CommonsBy 1940 , formal and informal policies had pushed Chicago ’s Black resident into segregate neighborhoods .
In the early years of the Great Migration , bloodless Chicagoans violently assault sinister homes — especially domicile that were anywhere close to theirs .
From 1917 to 1921 , white supremaciststargeted Black familiesand the bankers and real estate agents who help them find homes with 58 bombs . Jesse Binga , who founded Chicago ’s first Black - owned bank , subsist through six of those bombardment .
Bettmann/ContributorDuring a 1966 march in Marquette Park, hecklers hit Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in the head with a rock.
These fire , along with formal and informal insurance policy , help push Black Chicagoans into segregated vicinity . In the South Side locality of Bronzeville , the population density hit double the urban center ’s norm by 1940 thanks to policy that forced Black Chicagoans into the domain .
In reply , white Chicagoans once again assail Black families who motivate into their neighbourhood . In 1947 , the CHA moved eight Black families into the previously all - blank Fernwood Homes . And for at least three nights , snowy syndicate rioted . It took more than 1,000 police force ship’s officer to end the riot .
Meanwhile , far-flung policy like redlining — a discriminatory practice of refusing loanword , mortgages , and insurance policy to resident who go in “ bad ” areas — made it hard for Black Chicagoans to venture too far across the metropolis or search for lodging in the secret market place .
Mark Reinstein/Contributor/Getty ImagesFrom the 1960s to the 1980s, Marquette Park was the site of several racist demonstrations. Here, American neo-Nazis and members of the KKK rally in Chicago in 1988.
John White / U.S. National ArchivesStateway Gardens , a housing projection on Chicago ’s South Side , housed nearly 7,000 mass in 1973 .
A few year later , the CHA placed a light - skinned Black charwoman name Betty Howard in the antecedently all - white Trumbull Park Homes . Yet again , mobs target the facility with brick , rocks , and explosive until her household required police escorts to leave .
The Cicero Riotsaw even more violence . In July 1951 , a Black World War II veteran soldier named Harvey Clark Jr. examine to move his family of four from the South Side to the all - blank suburb of Cicero .
Jacques M. Chenet/CORBIS/Corbis via Getty ImagesIn April 1983, Harold Washington won a tight race to become Chicago’s first Black mayor.
But when the Clark family go far , Cicero ’s sheriff stepped in . “ Get out of here fast , ” the sheriff said . “ There will be no moving into this building . ”
Thanks to a courtroom society , the Clarks were able-bodied to move into their young apartment . But they could n’t even spend a individual nighttime there — due to the antiblack white mob numbering 4,000 that had gathered outside .
Even after the family fly , the white rabble still was n’t satisfied . They stormed the flat , tore out the sinks , threw the piece of furniture out the window , and smashed the pianoforte . They then firebombed the entire building , leaving even the whitened tenant without a base .
Eric Fischer/FlickrA map showing racial segregation in Chicago based on 2010 census data. Blue areas represent Black residents, red areas represent white residents, and yellow areas represent Latino residents.
A total of 118 man were arrested for rioting that night , but none of them were indicted . Instead , the federal agent and the owner of the apartment construction were indicted for causing the riot — by rent to a Black family in the first position .
The Chicago Freedom Movement And The Backlash Against Civil Rights
The civil right field motility came to Chicago in 1966 , whenMartin Luther King , Jr.moved to the city ’s West Side . “ It is sensible to believe that if the problems of Chicago , the land ’s second bombastic city , can be clear , they can be solved everywhere,”King declared .
His Chicago Freedom Movement targeted the city ’s racist lodging policies and its notorious slums . “ We are here because we ’re commonplace of populate in puke - infested slums , ” King announced in a oral communication at Soldier Field . “ We are tired of being lynch physically in Mississippi , and we are hackneyed of being lynched spiritually and economically in the North . ”
But the civil right leader soon plant Chicago even more hostile toward his motion than some places in the Deep South .
On Aug. 5 , 1966 , King led a march through Marquette Park . In response , hundreds of white counter - dissenter descended , handle brick , feeding bottle , and rock . One of them threw a rock-and-roll right at King ’s drumhead and sent him to his knees as upset Aidoneus rushed to harbour him .
Bettmann / ContributorDuring a 1966 march in Marquette Park , heckler hit Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in the head with a rock .
“ The blow knocked King to one knee and he thrust out an weapon system to break the downfall , ” reported theChicago Tribune . “ He stay on in this kneeling position , head bent , for a few seconds until his head cleared . ”
After recovering , King declared , “ I ’ve been in many monstrance all across the South , but I can say that I have never see , even in Mississippi and Alabama , rabble as hostile and as hatred - fill as I ’m seeing in Chicago . ”
The attack on King was far from the last racial flak in that vicinity .
Mark Reinstein / Contributor / Getty ImagesFrom the 1960s to the 1980s , Marquette Park was the site of several anti-Semite demonstrations . Here , American neo - Nazis and member of the KKK rally in Chicago in 1988 .
In 1970 , the heir to the American Nazi Party planted its headquarters in Marquette Park . For the next two decennium , it grew its groundwork of living among region residents and other white people who lived nearby . Together , they fought relentlessly against attempts to integrate the city .
One civil rightfulness group march against living accommodations discrimination in the area in 1976 was met by a thousand - soul mob of local residents , nazi , and a handful of off - duty police force officers who shouted , “ Marquette outride white . ”
When the mob commence attacking the footslogger with brick , the police did n’t protect the infantryman — and instead started arrest them .
The 1983 Campaign For Chicago’s First Black Mayor
In 1983 , Harold Washington be given to become Chicago ’s first Black mayor — and he almost straightaway faced a racist repercussion .
During the primary , Washington ’s opponent Alderman Edward Vrdolyaktold precinct captains , “ It ’s a racial affair , do n’t jolly yourself . I ’m calling on you to redeem your city , to keep your precinct . We ’re fighting to keep the metropolis the way it is . ”
After Washington acquire the primary , Vrdolyak endorsed his Republican opposite , who pass on the slogan , “ Bernie Epton … before it ’s too late . ”
Jacques M. Chenet / CORBIS / Corbis via Getty ImagesIn April 1983 , Harold Washington won a tight race to become Chicago ’s first pitch-dark city manager .
On March 27 , 1983 , Washington campaigned in an all - white neighborhood on the Northwest Side of the city with former Vice President Walter Mondale . Outside St. Pascal Church , they weremet with racist slurs and stone . In footage that aired across the nation , a white piece screamed “ n*gger devotee ” at Mondale .
And so the Washington campaign turned the antiblack footage into a military campaign ad that said , “ When you vote on Tuesday , make certain it ’s a vote you may be gallant of . ”
On April 12 , 1983 , Harold Washington became the city ’s first Black city manager – squeaking by with 51.7 pct of the suffrage .
Precinct coordinator Jacky Grimshaw summed up the campaign as such : “ Though airstream was always in the background , our message was vote for the most qualified candidate , Harold Washington . We were n’t running a backwash - based campaign . But they were . ”
Racism In Chicago Today
Eric Fischer / FlickrA map showing racial segregation in Chicago found on 2010 nosecount information . Blue areas lay out Black residents , red areas represent white residents , and yellow arena map Latino residents .
Today , Chicagoremains one of the most segregated citiesin the country . Black Chicagoans live on the South Side and West Side , while white Chicagoans stick for the most part to the North Side .
Even though many vociferous sign of segregation , like the notoriousCabrini - Green Homes , have been torn down , Chicago remains divided . And this is for sure not by fortuity .
landlord continue to separate against Black Chicagoans today . A 2019 WBEZ analysis found a 24 pct increase in Section 8 voucher holder living in absolute majority Black community since 2009 and a 25 pct decrease in voucher holder living in absolute majority - white area .
Multiple landlord rejected resident Lekisha Nowling when she tried to move her kinsfolk out of West Garfield Park . “ It ’s a mark attached to division 8 that we do n’t want to work , we ’re nasty , we ’re not educated , we do n’t take care of ourselves , our youngster are just foolhardy , ” Nowling told WBEZ . “ We ’re lying , we ’re on welfare , whatever . ”
This brand only reinforce sequestration in an already segregated city .
“ Throughout the 20th century — and perhaps even in the 21st — there was no more practiced counselor of housing sequestration than the metropolis of Chicago,”writes Ta - Nehisi Coates . “ Housing discrimination is intemperate to detect , hard to prove , and grueling to prosecute . Even today most the great unwashed believe that Chicago is the employment of constitutional categorization , as match to segregationist social applied science . ”
Chicago was n’t the only city in the North that go through a backlash against racial equation . acquire more about theugly history of the anti - civic rights movementand then check outshocking pic of white Americans protest civic right field .
